"Much" is used with uncountable nouns, "many" is used with countable nouns, "little" and "few" indicate a small quantity (with "little" for uncountable nouns and "few" for countable nouns), "some" is used in positive statements to indicate a moderate amount, and "any" is used in negative sentences and questions to ask about the existence of something, all with the appropriate noun following them; essentially, "much" and "many" mean "a lot of" while "little" and "few" mean "not many" depending on the noun type. 

Example sentences:

• Much: "He didn't drink much water." (Water is uncountable)

• Many: "There are many people at the party." (People are countable)

• Little: "She has little patience." (Patience is uncountable)

• Few: "Only a few students passed the test."

• Some: "Can I have some coffee?"

• Any: "Do you have any questions?" 

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Key points to remember:

• Countable vs. Uncountable: This is the key distinction when choosing between "much" and "many". 

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• Positive vs. Negative: "Some" is generally used in positive sentences while "any" is used in negative sentences and questions. 

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• "A little" vs. "Little": "A little" indicates a small but positive amount while "little" usually implies a negative lack of something.